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Solanum americanum

Mill. (1768)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Solanum

‘olohua [olohua], glossy nightshade, polopolo, pōpolo [popolo], pōpolohua (Ni‘ihau)

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Annual or short-lived perennial herbs up to 1.5 m tall, erect or wide-spreading, straggly with age, with intraxylary phloem.

Stems: Sometimes flushed purplish, stems sometimes angled or narrowly winged with lines of tissue from base of petiole, the wings smooth or with short soft teeth, unarmed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple curved hairs.

Roots: Fibrous root system, without tubers.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades ovate to ovate–lanceolate, usually ca. 6 cm long and 3 cm wide. Apex acute to acuminate. Base truncate to cuneate and continued as a narrow wing along petiole. Simple hairs, unarmed. Margins entire or with up to 8 short, blunt, rounded lobes, sinuses shallow and rounded, greatly variable in size, up to 10 cm long on young growth and up to 2 cm long on aged distal twigs. Petioles 1–4 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in extra-axillary umbelliform cymes, peduncles 1–2.5 cm long, flowers congested at apex. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic; pedicels 5–8 mm long. Calyx campanulate, 1–2 mm long, the lobes obtuse, ca. 1 mm long. Corolla white or occasionally purple–tinged, stellate, 0.8–0.9 cm in diameter, with a yellowish green star-shaped area, the lobes ca. 1.5 mm wide. Stamens (4)5, inserted near base of corolla tube, alternate with corolla lobes; filaments with spreading hairs on inner side, 1–2 mm long; anthers oblong, 1.5–2 mm long, opening by pores or short slits. Ovary superior, 2(3–4)-carpellate, placentation axile; ovules numerous, globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, glabrous; style 1, erect, 2.5–4 mm long, pubescent in lower part; stigma capitate, at level of anther pores.

Fruit: Berries glossy black; succulent; readily shed when ripe; sclerotic granules 0–4; ca. 0.5 mm in diameter; pedicels erect or recurved in fruit; up to 4 cm long; calyx somewhat enlarged and often reflexed. Seeds numerous; 1–1.5 mm long; compressed; seed coat minutely reticulate; embryo curved; submarginal; endosperm present.

Ploidy: 2n = 12; 24

Habitat: Open sites from coastal to wet forest; subalpine woodland; and disturbed roadsides and pasture.

Elevation Range: 0–2,380 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Synonyms (69)

Solanum amarantoides Dunal (1852)
Solanum americanum subsp. nodiflorum (Jacq.) R.J.F.Hend. (1988)
Solanum americanum subsp. nutans (R.J.F.Hend.) R.J.F.Hend. (1988)
Solanum americanum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Edmonds (1971)
Solanum americanum var. odishense Kalidass & P.Murugan (2016)
Solanum americanum var. patulum (L.) Edmonds (1977)
Solanum asperum Hornem. ex Walp. (1844)
Solanum calvum Bitter (1913)
Solanum curtipes Bitter (1912)
Solanum depilatum Bitter (1913)
Solanum desvauxii Ham. (1825)
Solanum dillenii Schult. (1814)
Solanum erythrocarpon G.Mey. (1818)
Solanum imerinense Bitter (1913)
Solanum inconspicuum Bitter (1912)
Solanum indecorum A.Rich. (1850)
Solanum inops Dunal (1852)
Solanum merrillianum Liou (1935)
Solanum microspermum Dunal (1816)
Solanum minutibaccatum Bitter (1912)
Solanum minutibaccatum subsp. curtipedunculatum Bitter (1912)
Solanum nigrum (Misapplied)
Solanum nigrum f. grandifolium O.E.Schulz (1909)
Solanum nigrum f. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Miq. (1857)
Solanum nigrum f. parvifolium O.E.Schulz (1909)
Solanum nigrum f. rumphii (Dunal) Miq. (1857)
Solanum nigrum f. uniflorum Miq. (1857)
Solanum nigrum subsp. aguaraquiya Sendtn. (1846)
Solanum nigrum subsp. dillenii (Schult.) Schur (1866)
Solanum nigrum subsp. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Sendtn. (1846)
Solanum nigrum var. aguaraquiya (Sendtn.) Witasek (1910)
Solanum nigrum var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz (1909)
Solanum nigrum var. angulosum Sendtn. (1846)
Solanum nigrum var. dillenii (Schult.) A.Gray (1878)
Solanum nigrum var. heterogonum (Dunal) Witasek (1910)
Solanum nigrum var. minus Hook.f. (1847)
Solanum nigrum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) A.Gray (1878)
Solanum nigrum var. oleraceum (Dunal) Hitchc. (1893)
Solanum nigrum var. patulum L. (1753)
Solanum nigrum var. pauciflorum Liou (1935)
Solanum nigrum var. violaceum H.Y.Chen ex Wessely (1960)
Solanum nodiflorum Desv. ex Dunal (1852)
Solanum nodiflorum subsp. nutans R.J.F.Hend. (1974)
Solanum nodiflorum var. acuminatum Chodat (1902)
Solanum nodiflorum var. fauriei (H.Lév.) O.Deg. & I.Deg. (1983)
Solanum nodiflorum var. macrophyllum Dunal (1852)
Solanum nodiflorum var. petiolastrum Dunal (1852)
Solanum nodiflorum var. sapucayense Chodat (1916)
Solanum nodiflorum var. sativum A.Chev. (1920)
Solanum oleraceum Dunal (1814)
Solanum pachystylum Polgar (1939)
Solanum papilionaceum Dum.Cours. (1802)
Solanum patulum (L.) Roth (1800)
Solanum pauciflorum (Liou) H.Y.Zhang (1999)
Solanum photeinocarpum Nakamura & Odash. (1936)
Solanum photeinocarpum var. violaceum (H.Y.Chen ex Wessely) C.Y.Wu & S.C.Huang (1978)
Solanum pterocaulum Dunal (1813)
Solanum pterocaulum var. aguaraquiya (Sendtn.) Dunal (1852)
Solanum pterocaulum var. heterogonum Dunal (1852)
Solanum ptychanthum Dunal (1852)
Solanum quadrangulare L.f. (1782)
Solanum rumphii Dunal (1813)
Solanum sancti-thomae Bitter (1913)
Solanum sciaphilum Bitter (1912)
Solanum strictum Zuccagni (1806)
Solanum suffruticosum var. merrillianum (Liou) C.Y.Wu & S.C.Huang (1974)
Solanum tenellum Bitter (1912)
Solanum tenuiflorum Steud. (1841)
Solanum umbelliferum Torr. (1856)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • A very important medicinal plant. For problems in the respiratory system and skin eruptions the sap of the leaves and juice of the berries is used by itself or mixed with other ingredients. For treating cuts or wounds or as a general prophylactic, it is mixed with salt. To "tone up" the digestive tract the leaf buds are steaped with salt (Handy, Pukui, and Livermore 1934:18). For sore muscles, tendons, and joints, the juice from pōpolo leaves was sometimes applied to the affected area while it was sunned (Abbott 1992:98). Also as an ancillary ingredient in many other medicines. For example, to treat pu‘u‘eha (sore throat), or pu‘ukohekohe (enlarged or swollen tonsils), the bulbs of ‘aka‘akai, leaves of pōpolo and the bark of hina‘alo tap roots and salt and pounded together until mashed. The mashed mixtures is combined with water and strained through ‘ahu‘awa (Cyperus javanicus). One gargles the liquid mixture twice a day. (Chun 1994:18–19). To treat chills and high fevers, the leaves and bark of halapepe (Pleomele spp.) are combined with tap roots of pōpolo and ‘uhaloa (Waltheria indica), and a section of kōkea (white sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum). One combines the ingredients into a mash. Water is added and the liquid mixture is heated. Once the medicine has cooled, a patient will need to drink it four times a day until the fever or chills are gone. Afterwards, a purgative ‘apu is drunk ( Chun 1994:77–78). To treat asthma, one combines the leaves, bark and tap root of halapepe with ‘ōhi‘a ‘ai bark (Syzygium malaccense), ‘uhaloa tap root, pōpolo tap root, ‘ala‘alawainui pehu stems (Peperomia spp.), noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia), sections of kōkea and a mature niu (coconut, Cocos nucifera). All of the ingredients are mashed together; the liquid is strained with ‘ahu‘awa and left to stand. A portion of the medicine is boiled and another is mixed with hawaiian pia (Tacca leontopetaloides). The boiled portion is mixed with the cool portion. Once cooled the patient drinks the medicine twice a day (Chun 1994:78–79).

  • Blackish purple dye (fruit); green dye (leaves)

  • Fruits eaten (Handy et al. 1972:235) also used for blackish purple dye (Krauss 1992:67).

CULTURE

  • Kinolau of Kane: Kane-pōpolo

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Ka'ula Not in flora
Mokupāpapa (Kure atoll) Naturalized
Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Naturalized
Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
Manawai (Pearl & Hermes Atoll) Not in flora
O'ahu Naturalized
Kapou(Lisianski Island) Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Kamole(Laysan Island) Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Not in flora
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized
Nihoa Not in flora

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Solanum n.° 5 (1768)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1268 (Ku, Mi, PH, Li, La, N, Ni, K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:536 (KEY), 539 (DESCR); Wood & LeGrande 2006:28 (Le); Särkinen et al. 2018:51 (DESCR, KEY, status change, from ind? to nat, Haw'n plants regarded as post-European introduction, with S. opacum considered indigenous); Faccenda, Arthur, et al. 2025:214 (remove PH, N, Kl, Le, Ni, Ka [re-IDed as S. opacum], KEY)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Solanum americanum Miki Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 279 Lanai BISH 1928-02-08
2 Solanum americanum Along the Hanapepe River, near the falls Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2509 Kauai BISH 1895-07-02
3 Solanum americanum In Diamond Head Crater, near swamp Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1455 Oahu BISH 1931-01-22
4 Solanum americanum Honolulu District: Koko Head, in and west of Ihiihilauakea Crater Preserved_Specimen Bruegmann, M.M. 143 Oahu BISH 1984-01-29
5 Solanum americanum Kaula Rock Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. 15 Kaula Rock BISH 1932-08-18
6 Solanum americanum Alau Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 504063 Maui BISH 2005-04-06
7 Solanum americanum Palolo Valley, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen MacDaniels, L.H. 174 Oahu BISH 1927-01-01
8 Solanum americanum Waimea, Na Pali-Kona forest reserve, Kalalau Rd., near old army camp Preserved_Specimen Chock, A.K. 1130 Kauai BISH 1953-09-03
9 Solanum americanum 7 mi S of Kalae turnoff Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Hawaii BISH 1954-12-23
10 Solanum americanum Waipio Preserved_Specimen Swanson, R. Oahu BISH 1931-08-05
11 Solanum americanum 42 Coelho Way, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1941-07-01
12 Solanum americanum Moku Manu, S slope, larger islet well vegetated, on steep basalt slope Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Oahu BISH 1937-05-29
13 Solanum americanum Kipapa Gulch, Wahiawa moderately moist place, in pineapple field Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 400 Oahu BISH 1931-06-07
14 Solanum americanum Kaukona hua Road, Waialua Growing along the side of the road near the entrance to a farm. Preserved_Specimen Annual herb, erect, ca. 60-65 cm. tall; pedicels purplish. Only one plant seen. Ross, M.C. 1892 Oahu BISH 2023-02-20
15 Solanum americanum Honolulu, Tantalus Rd Preserved_Specimen Forbes, A. Oahu BISH 1930-07-18
16 Solanum americanum Manoa Valley Preserved_Specimen Krauss, N.H. Oahu BISH 1933-05-16
17 Solanum americanum Islet off Malaekahana-Mokuauia Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1938-06-19
18 Solanum americanum Ewa, Pohakupuna Rd Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Oahu BISH 1957-01-26
19 Solanum americanum Oahu Preserved_Specimen Cameron, C.E.R. Oahu BISH 1944-08-04
20 Solanum americanum ahupuaa of Halepuaa forest Reserve in the Puna District of Hawaii. Found growing on the side of the old railroad Preserved_Specimen ESP Field Crew Hawaii BISH 1979-08-15
21 Solanum americanum Puhakupuna Rd Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Oahu BISH 1957-02-03
22 Solanum americanum Ewa Beach. Navy field Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Oahu BISH 1956-01-01
23 Solanum americanum unknown Preserved_Specimen Beardsley, J.W. BISH 1962-06-15
24 Solanum americanum Koloa District, Omao, garden of Kerin Rosenberger came up in a flat of white eggplant seeds Preserved_Specimen prostrate, spreading herb; stems glossy pale green w/ very fine purplish mottling; spines soft leaves dull dark green below w/ glossy veins; corolla white; fruits ripening glossy blusih-black, 16 mm in diameter Flynn, T.W. 5628 Kauai BISH 1994-10-11
25 Solanum americanum 100 S. Kahuku Hospital sandy clay Preserved_Specimen Herbaceous, soft limp leaves, 3-5 berries/cluster McCulloch, R. 12 Oahu BISH 1975-04-11
26 Solanum americanum Nonopapa Rocky edge of dried salty inlet Preserved_Specimen 1 m shrub, fl. white St.John, H. 22763 Niihau BISH 1947-08-13
27 Solanum americanum Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Grounds. Native Hawaiian Garden. In patch of cultivated Uala. Preserved_Specimen Small herb. Polpulation sprouted volunteer and allowed to persist in Polynesian Introduced Zone of HI Nat Gard. Bish Staff 4 Oahu BISH 2022-02-24
28 Solanum americanum Waianae; Lualualei Homestead Road In coral soil of a backyard. Preserved_Specimen Coarse herb ca 1 m tall; frts shiny black when ripe. Zoller, C. Oahu BISH 1991-05-03
29 Solanum americanum Kuapa Pond, Maunalua sandy sea beach Preserved_Specimen fl. white, berries black St.John, H. 10394 Oahu BISH 1930-02-28
30 Solanum americanum North Kohala Distr., Keokea Bay Disturbed site. Preserved_Specimen Plants with white flowers, shiny black fruits. Kiehn, M. 8121711 Hawaii BISH 2008-12-17
31 Solanum americanum Laie sand Preserved_Specimen small fruit Kwok, K.T.W. 47 Oahu BISH 1967-04-27
32 Solanum americanum Punaluu, Kau Growing among debris left by tsunami. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 34134 Hawaii BISH 1976-02-07
33 Solanum americanum Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve, Ahihi Bay at the N end of the reserve Pockets of vegetation near the seashore amongst a'a lava about 200 years old. Preserved_Specimen Young plants in flower; most in fruit. Abbott, I.A. 91.18 Maui BISH 1991-03-05
34 Solanum americanum East Maui, Hana District, Kalahu Point, PTBG Kahanu Garden, around Piilanihale Heiau disturbed area between Pandanus forest and lawn area Preserved_Specimen Herb of 2'. Petals white, anthers bright yellow. Fruit glossy. Flynn, T.W. 2432 Maui BISH 1987-10-15
35 Solanum americanum Keauhou Ranch (near T-KE), Kau District Logged and cleared area in disturbed Metrosideros - Acacia koa forest. Preserved_Specimen Small woody plant 8' tall. Flowers white, fruit black. Cuddihy, L.W. 15 Hawaii BISH 1979-10-25
36 Solanum americanum Waipio abundant in abandoned pineapple fields Preserved_Specimen Herb about 2.5' tall, with white flowers and juicy, black fruit Herbst, D.R. 745 Oahu BISH 1967-11-27
37 Solanum americanum Haena In disturbed area with 4 o`clock plant in sandy soil under Terminalia and Java plum behind beach at Haena. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1978-06-14
38 Solanum americanum Waimea District; Kokee, Camp 10 road, near Waineke swamp. Growing along roadside. Preserved_Specimen Straight, stout herb, about 45 cm. tall; stems dark purplish green, ridged, with little nodules along ridges; leaves medium green, drooping at tips, flowers pendulous, petals white and reflexed with green spots at bases, anthers bright yellow Brock, K. 920 Kauai BISH 2016-11-21
39 Solanum americanum Laysan Along E. end of lagoon above high water. Preserved_Specimen Erect herb, height: 10-18 inches, small flower; small berries. Wilder, G.P. 472 Laysan Island BISH 1930-08-01
40 Solanum americanum Kipapa Gulch waste place Preserved_Specimen weed Hosaka, E.Y. 1367 Oahu BISH 1936-03-22
41 Solanum americanum ahupuaa of Halepuaa in the Puna District The plant was collected in an area where a Dicranopteris emarginata patch had been cleared away. THe area is exposed to direct sunlight. Preserved_Specimen Yoshida, L. 79.104 Hawaii BISH 1979-04-18
42 Solanum americanum Lyon Arboretum: above Caum's Gulch, growing near Metrosideros grove in the Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Garden spontaneous; existing Solanum americanum has a Lyon Arboretum accession 2008.0127. Preserved_Specimen Tall herb, 2 feet tall; fruits - berry, black, shiny Dunn, L. 551 Oahu BISH 2012-01-27
43 Solanum americanum Puuwaawaa, near transect T11 Pennisetum grassland with native remnants. On patch of bare `a`a. Preserved_Specimen Herbaceous subshrub. Takeuchi, W.N. 5819 Hawaii BISH 1989-05-01
44 Solanum americanum Nualolo Kai, Waimea Dist thicket Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 26673 Kauai BISH 1965-04-22
45 Solanum americanum Hauula sandy; dominated by herbs Preserved_Specimen flower-like Kinikini, T.V. 41 Oahu BISH 1967-04-15
46 Solanum americanum Ewa coral plain Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 119 Oahu BISH 1922-11-08
47 Solanum americanum Kipapa Gulch moderately moist place in pineapple field Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 400 Oahu BISH 1931-06-07
48 Solanum americanum Haena In disturbed area with 4 o`clock plant in sandy soil under Terminalia and Java plum behind beach at Haena. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1978-06-14
49 Solanum americanum Manoa Valley, Honolulu shaded roadside Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 203 Oahu BISH 1922-09-16
50 Solanum americanum Kapuna Gulch Along Mokuleia Trail. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 73 Oahu BISH 1988-11-13
51 Solanum americanum Luluku, Kaneohe partial shade under bananas beside road. Associated with tall grasses and Impatiens gone wild Preserved_Specimen Herbaceous shrub 4' tall, spreading sideways more than up. No flowers, in fruit McConnell, K. Oahu BISH 1991-12-04
52 Solanum americanum Laysan Island, Hawaiian Archepelago Growing erect on sandy substratum next to Scaevola taccada on NW side of island. Preserved_Specimen Growing erect Tsuda, R.T. 492 Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-04
53 Solanum americanum Laysan Island West side, altitude ca 3 m. Preserved_Specimen Herb in Scaevola near top of Seaward Slope. Shelton, P.C. 417 Laysan Island BISH 1966-06-21
54 Solanum americanum Manana, Oahu In crater floor with Verbesina encelioides, Amaranthus spinosus and Cenchrus cilaris. Preserved_Specimen Occasional. Starr, F. 502254 Oahu BISH 2005-02-25
55 Solanum americanum Waianae Mts., Mokuleia Forest Reserve, Pahole Gulch, 1st eastern subgulch mixed mesophytic forest with Pisonia, Hedyotis, Gouldia, Psychotria, Charpentiera, Morinda, and Hibiscus Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5351 Oahu BISH 1984-04-08
56 Solanum americanum Kure Found only near ironwood trees, serveral plants Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kure Atoll BISH 1979-01-03
57 Solanum americanum Lisianski Island South end Preserved_Specimen Rooted in sand. Long, C.R. 2318 Lisianski Island BISH 1964-09-18
58 Solanum americanum Waianae Mts., Kaluakauila, along mauka end of DPW Environmental exclosure Disturbed vegetation of Psidium cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, Diospyros sandwicensis, Ageratina riparia, Sida rhombifolia, Syzygium cumini, Grevillea robusta. Preserved_Specimen Small shrub, 30-40 cm tall. Flowers small, white, 5-petaled. No fruit seen. Only one plant seen, but area not searched extensively. Beachy, J. Oahu BISH 2004-04-26
59 Solanum americanum Laie; BYU-H sewage plant Loam Preserved_Specimen annual; 1-2' high; small stem leaves entire, ovate in shape. Leafstalk .5-1 long; small whitish flowers with 5 petals; fruit 3-5 in clusters Tiu, C. 33 Oahu BISH 1975-02-21
60 Solanum americanum Lyon Arboretum, nursery Growing as a weed in pots. Preserved_Specimen Plants with white flowers, shiny black fruits. Kiehn, M. 8122311 Oahu BISH 2008-12-23
61 Solanum americanum Mokuleia, N Waianae Mts, Kealia Trail above Dillingham Airfield. On fully exposed N facing rocky substrate. Psydrax odorata overstory with Urochloa maxima, Leucaena leucocephala, Schinus terebinthifolia. Preserved_Specimen Kennedy, B. 113 Oahu BISH 2021-01-10
62 Solanum americanum Kalaupapa National Historic Park. Trail. Between switchback 6 & 8 Preserved_Specimen short-lived herb Wysong, M.L. 618 Molokai BISH 2005-02-12
63 Solanum americanum P.T.B.G. Lawai Valley Preserved_Specimen Herb with white flowers, black fruit. Herbst, D.R. 2315 Kauai BISH 1972-01-10
64 Solanum americanum Mokeehia, Maui Preserved_Specimen Occasional. A few small, succulent plants found about island. Starr, F. 5040410 Maui BISH 2005-04-04
65 Solanum americanum my garden Preserved_Specimen weed Degener, O. 7378 Oahu BISH 1928-01-01
66 Solanum americanum Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, Visitor Center and main ruins exotic vegetation Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 10293 Hawaii BISH 1984-04-08
67 Solanum americanum Kaluko Reservoir, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 570 Kauai BISH 1916-10-11
68 Solanum americanum NW side of Laysan Island, Hawaiian Archepelago Preserved_Specimen Growing erect on sandy substratum next to Scaevola taccada Tsuda, R.T. 492 Laysan Island BISH 1963-12-04
69 Solanum americanum Green Valley Road, Punaluu Ranch loam; brush - sugar cane, koa, lima bean patches Preserved_Specimen Avilla, J.J. 39 Oahu BISH 1975-03-08
70 Solanum americanum Trail from Maunauna to Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range Preserved_Specimen Bushy herb, 2-3' tall. Corolla white, stamens yellow-orange Crosby, M.R. 1717 Oahu BISH 1964-07-09
71 Solanum americanum Koko Crater rocky slope in gully, close to ocean, fresh-water seepage Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1931-01-18
72 Solanum americanum Kailua, Keolu. From collector's garden. Preserved_Specimen Small herbaceous annual with tiny white flowers, green and mature dark purple berries. This plant is known as popolo to the Hawaiians, where the leaves and fruits are used medicinally. Chang, A.D. 1 Oahu BISH 2018-07-11
73 Solanum americanum Laupahoehoe; on T.Takeuchi land bordering irrigated fields Preserved_Specimen putative native, but weedlike in its behavior Takeuchi, W.N. 22 Hawaii BISH 1984-08-17
74 Solanum americanum ridge north of Kuapa Pond Preserved_Specimen Gillespie, J.W. 1110 Oahu BISH 1927-07-08
75 Solanum americanum Off Lanikai Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1939-04-09
76 Solanum americanum Waiohinu, Kau Preserved_Specimen ripe fruit Meinecke, W.H. Hawaii BISH 1969-08-27
77 Solanum americanum Halape Preserved_Specimen flowers white Fagerlund, G.O. 344 Hawaii BISH 1943-02-16
78 Solanum americanum Keawanui Bay, rocky coast along windward side of island Preserved_Specimen branched herb ~0.5 m tall; corolla white; fruit blackish Wagner, W.L. 5708 Molokai BISH 1987-07-30
79 Solanum americanum Nihoa Preserved_Specimen Herb; +/-25 cm. Caum, E.L. 62 Nihoa BISH 1923-06-17
80 Solanum americanum Koloa District. Kalaheo, yard by house on Kaloke Rd. (off Niho) Preserved_Specimen annual herb 50 cm. tall, corolla white. Lorence, D.H. 5187 Kauai BISH 1987-04-20
81 Solanum americanum Waiohinu, Kau Preserved_Specimen green fruit Meinecke, W.D. Hawaii BISH 1969-08-27
82 Solanum americanum Honolulu, Manoa Valley, Manoa Arboretum Preserved_Specimen Russell, P. 43 Oahu BISH 1932-07-07
83 Solanum americanum Kokee, Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10730 Kauai BISH 1930-12-26
84 Solanum americanum Manoa Valley Preserved_Specimen Kauai BISH 1953-10-30
85 Solanum americanum Kailua Bay: Popoia Island Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6010 Oahu BISH 1978-02-07
86 Solanum americanum W. rim of crater, Diamond Head Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10531 Oahu BISH 1930-05-10
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